Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, is a critically important protected area renowned for its rich biodiversity and ecological significance. The sanctuary encompasses Khao Soi Dao Tai and Khao Soi Dao Nuea, the two highest peaks of the Chanthaburi mountain range, and forms part of the Cardamom Mountains, which extend from Thailand into Cambodia. The area is predominantly covered by moist evergreen forest, serving as the headwaters for the Chanthaburi River, and plays a crucial role in sustaining regional ecosystems, water resources, and climate stability. It borders Khao Khitchakut National Park to the south, Khao Sip Ha Chan National Park, and Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary to the northwest.

 

Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary was officially established on September 4, 1972, covering approximately 744.96 square kilometers, or 465,602 rai. The terrain is largely mountainous with gentle slopes and undulating foothills. Two perennial streams originate from the mountains within the sanctuary, feeding the Chanthaburi River and its tributaries, which helps maintain the rich and diverse ecosystems of the region. In 2007, the sanctuary was designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA), recognizing its international significance in bird conservation, particularly for species with restricted ranges.

 

The climate in the sanctuary is tropical monsoon, influenced by both the northeast and southwest monsoons, resulting in three distinct seasons: summer, rainy season, and winter. The average temperature is 26.8°C, with a mean maximum of 31.6°C. Consistent rainfall throughout the year ensures that the evergreen forests remain lush and capable of supporting a wide range of plant and animal species.

 

The sanctuary is home to a remarkable diversity of wildlife, especially rare and endangered bird species. Notable birds include the Chestnut-headed Partridge (Arborophila cambodiana), which has a highly restricted range, the Siamese Fireback (Lophura diardi)—Thailand’s national bird, hornbills, the small hawk-cuckoo (Hierococcyx vagans), and the Blue-rumped Pitta (Hydrornis soror), which is near-threatened in Thailand. Over 128 bird species have been recorded in the sanctuary, including greater coucals, junglefowl, broadbills, and migratory species, making it a premier destination for ornithologists and birdwatchers.

 

Mammals in Khao Soi Dao include Asian elephants, muntjac, wild boars, civets, squirrels, wild cats, gibbons, macaques, and the black giant squirrel. Critically endangered species such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), tiger (Panthera tigris), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and gaur (Bos gaurus) also inhabit the sanctuary. Among primates, the pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a notable resident of this area.

 

Reptiles found in the sanctuary include monitor lizards, geckos, reticulated pythons, pythons, king cobras, green pit vipers, and softshell turtles. Amphibians such as spiny frogs, tree frogs, true frogs, and various species of toads and newts contribute to the sanctuary’s high ecological complexity.

 

The forest resources of Khao Soi Dao consist mainly of evergreen moist forest, characterized by multi-layered canopies and a dense mixture of economically and ecologically valuable tree species, including Tectona, Dalbergia, Hopea, and giant trees such as the "Phra Chao Ha Phra Ong" tree. This diverse forest structure provides habitat for a wide range of wildlife species.

 

Tourism in Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary is primarily nature-based. From the city of Chanthaburi, the sanctuary is approximately 70 kilometers away via Highway 317 toward Sa Kaeo Province, turning left at kilometer marker 22 before Patong Market and proceeding 4 kilometers to the sanctuary office.

 

One of the main attractions is Khao Soi Dao Waterfall, which has 16 tiers and offers opportunities for butterfly watching and plant studies. The surrounding area contains mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forests, as well as giant trees such as the "Phra Chao Ha Phra Ong," approximately 20 people in circumference, located about 200 meters from the first tier. Visitors can hike up to tier 9 (2.5 kilometers, about 2 hours), while tiers 10–16 require a guide for the 2-kilometer hike, taking roughly 1 hour. The waterfall is open from 09:00 to 16:00.

 

The Khao Soi Dao Nature and Wildlife Study Center, under the Wildlife Conservation Division, was established in 1990 as the Sai Khao Wildlife Study Center and renamed in 2013. The center aims to promote awareness of forest and wildlife conservation through youth camps, birdwatching, research, and guided nature walks. It is open daily from 08:30 to 17:00.

 

For trekking enthusiasts, the Khao Soi Dao Tai Conservation Trail offers two main routes through the forest, allowing visitors to explore plant and animal diversity. Trekking typically takes 6–7 hours to reach the mountaintop, with opportunities for overnight camping approximately 3 kilometers from the district office. These trails provide immersive experiences for nature lovers, wildlife photographers, and eco-tourists.

 

In addition to tourism, the sanctuary serves as a vital site for ecological research and education. Scientists and students study forest ecology, wildlife distribution, plant growth, and the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Such research supports sustainable management practices and strengthens conservation strategies.

 

The sanctuary is also an excellent venue for educational programs, fostering environmental awareness among youth and local communities. Through conservation camps, guided hikes, and wildlife observation, participants gain a deeper understanding of forest ecosystems and the importance of protecting biodiversity.

 

Overall, Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary exemplifies a successfully managed conservation area that balances ecosystem protection, wildlife preservation, research, education, and sustainable eco-tourism. Visitors have the opportunity to experience pristine forests, diverse wildlife, and breathtaking natural landscapes, all while learning the value of conserving one of Thailand’s most important ecological treasures.